Key Vocabulary Terms

Xylem - the vascular tissue in plants that carries water and minerals from roots to stems and leaves.
Phloem - the vascular tissue in plants that carries food from leaves to other parts of the plant
Annual growth ring - ring in the tree trunk formed by the growth of wood in layers
Petiole - the stalk that attaches a leaf to a stem
stoma - a small opening in a leaf that allows gases to enter and leave (plural is stomata)

Key Concepts

Roots hold the plant in the ground, absorb waste and minerals; store water, minerals and food; and transport them to different parts of the plant
Xylem carries water and minerals from roots to stems and leaves. Phloem carries food from leaves to stems and roots.
The annual growth rings in a tree are made by the buildup of new layers of xylem and phloem cells each year.
The main parts of a leaf are the petiole, the blade, and the veins.
The stomata allow water vapor and gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, to enter and leave the leaf.

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Photosynthesis - the process in which a plant makes food
Pigment - a chemical that absorbs certain types of light
Chlorophyll - the green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

Key Concepts

Leaves contain chloroplasts, which contain a green pigment called chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis is the process that uses the energy of sunlight to change carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars and oxygen. It occurs mainly in leaves of plants.
In order to make food plants need energy from the Sun, carbon dioxide, and water.
The Chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12 O6 + 6O2

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Cellular respiration - the process in which cells break down food to release energy
Guard cell - a cell that opens and closes stomata.

Key Concepts

The molecules in a gas are far apart and move around very quickly so it can not be held in your hand or see it.
Living things need oxygen to release food energy, which is stored in chemicals in cells.
Plants take in carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen during photosynthesis; animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide and water during respiration.
During photosynthesis the (H2O) water hydrogen combines with the carbon dioxide to make sugar and more water. The oxygen becomes oxygen gas.
Guard cells in plants control the opening and closing of stomata, thereby controlling the air going in and out of a plant.

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Zygote - a fertilized cell
Stamen - the male organ o reproduction in a flower, which includes the anther and filament.
Pollen - tiny grains containing sperm
Pistil - the female organ of reproduction in a flower.
Stigma - the upper part of the pistil, on the tip of the style
Ovary - the lower part of the pistil that contains the egg
Nectar - a sweet liquid that many kinds of flowers produce
Pollination - the process by which pollen is transferred from the stamen to the pistil
Germinate - to start to grow into a new plant

Key Concepts

Sexual reproduction involves two parents. One parent provides the egg cell, and the other parent provides the sperm cell. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and no egg or sperm.
Mosses and ferns use spores to reproduce.
In angiosperms fertilization occurs when after pollination, the pollen grain grows a tube that reaches down to the ovary. The ovary contains the eggs. When the pollen inside the pollen ube meets an egg, fertilization take place.
When a see germinates, the seed begins to grow into a new plant.
In a conifer male cones release pollen, some of which reach the female cones. the pollen grain grows a tube that reached eggs in the ovary, where fertilization takes place.

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Are you able to identify the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Can you describe how mosses and ferns reproduce?
Are you able to discuss sexual reproduction in angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Investigation 7"Growing an African Violet from a Leaf" (Optional, must complete 10 total investigations)

Key Concepts and Objectives

You will use your skills of observing, describing, sequencing, and making inferences to grow a whole new plant from a leaf or a part of the original.

Chapter Summary and Review

See page 164-165

Chapter 7 Review answers are