Key Vocabulary Terms

Heredity - the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
Genetics - the study of heredity
Self-pollination - the movement of pollen from the male sex organs to the female sex organs of flowers on the same plant.
P generation - the pure plants that Mendel produced by self-pollination
Cross-pollination -the movement of pollen from the male sex organs to the female sex organs of flowers on different plants.
F1 generation - the plants that resulted when Mendel cross-pollinated two different kinds of pure plants, the second generation.
Punnett square - a model used to represent crosses between organisms.
gene - the information about a trait that a parent passes to its offspring.
recessive gene - a gene that is hidden by a dominant gene.
Dominant gene - a gene that shows up in an organism.
Genotype - an organism's combination of genes for a trait.
Phenotype - an organism's appearance as a result of its combination of genes
F2 generation - the plants that resulted when Mendel self-pollinated plants from the F1 generation, the third generation.
Factors - the name that Mendel gave to information about traits that parents pass to offspring.

Key Concepts

Heredity is the passing of genes for traits from parents to offspring.
Mendel performed an experiment in which he first produced plants that were pure for a certain trait, such as tallness or shortness. Then, he cross-pollinated the pure plants. Finally, he self-pollinated the offspring from that cross.
A dominant gene shows up in an organism. A recessive gene is hidden by a dominant gene.
The genotype is an organism's combination of genes for a trait. Phenotype is the appearance of an organism as a result of its genotype.
A Punnett square is a tool that will help determine the percentage of the offspring that will have a certain genotype.

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Sex chromosome - a chromosome that determines the sex of an organism.
Sex-linked trait - a trait that is determined by an organism's sex chromosomes
Carrier - an organism that carries a gene but does not show the effects of the gene

Key Concepts

Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures inside the nucleus of a cell that carry genes.
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus that results in two new cells that are identical to the parent cell. Mitosis occurs in the human body during growth and repair.
Meiosis is the division of the nucleus that occur during the formation of sex cells.
Meiosis results in four sex cells.
The sex chromosomes for a human female are XX and for a human male are XY.
The gene for eye color is found only on the X chromosome, not on the Y chromosome.

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Identical twins - twins that have identical genes
Fraternal twins - twins that do not have identical genes
Environment - an organism's surroundings
Mutation - A change in a gene
Base - A molecule found in DNA that is used to code information
Replicate - to make a copy of
Genetic disease - a disease that is cause by a mutated gene
Diabetes - a genetic disease in which a person has too much sugar in the blood
Sickle-cell anemia - a genetic disease in which a person's red blood cells have a sickle shape
Gene pool - the genes found within a population.
Inbreeding -sexual reproduction between organisms within a small gene pool.
Hemophilia - a genetic disease in which a person's blood fails to clot

Key Concepts

Identical twins form from the same zygote and have identical genes. fraternal twins form from different zygotes and do not have identical genes.
Both heredity and environment may affect a certain human characteristic because of such things as height, freckles, or birth weight of newborns.
DNA is large molecule that contains an organism's genes. It stores all the information that an organism needs to carry out its life activities.
A mutation is a change in the order of bases in the DNA molecule.
A genetic disease is a disease that is caused by a muted gene. Examples include diabetes, sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy.

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Investigation 11 "Tracing a Genetic Disease" (Optional, must complete 10 total investigations)

Key Concepts and Objectives

You will use your skills of observing, communicating, inferring, interpreting charts, making and using models to find out how a genetic disease in a family can be traced from generation to generation.
You will trace a genetic disease by using a family history and a diagram called a pedigree.

Applied genetics - the process of using knowledge of genetics to affect heredity.
Selective breeding - the process of breeding plants and animals so that certain traits repeatedly show up in future generations.
Genetic engineering - the process of transferring genes from one organism to another.

Key Concepts

Applied genetics is the process of using knowledge of genetics to affect heredity.
Some mutations may be helpful to organisms such as a white fur for an animal that lives in a snowy environment.
Selective breeding is using breeding techniques to produce plants and animals with desirable traits.
The term genetic engineering is the process of moving genes from one organism to another.
Scientists have used genetic engineering to help humans in many ways, for example, they have produced insulin, produced crops that are resistant to insects, and introducing normal genes into humans who have genetic diseases.

Did you learn these Objectives?

Are you able to define applied genetics?
Can you give examples of selective breeding?
Are you able to explain how genetic engineering has been used to improve the lives of humans?

Chapter Summary and Review

See page 292-293

Chapter 11 Review answers are