Chapter 12 Investigations

Materials:

• Materials for 12-1 on Page 284. Materials for 12-2 on Page 292

Picture Sequence from Instructor part of Investigation.

The following picture series shows two sedimentary rock types before and after chemical weathering.

Type of material	Picture before Weathering	Picture After Weathering.
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Limestone
Chalk
Chalk
Chalk
Chalk

Duration:

30 minutes + 10-15 for Independent Practice (Could be longer if taken for homework).

Alaska Content Standards Addressed in this lesson:

• SCI A-1 Students will understand models describing the nature of molecules, atoms, and sub-atomic particles and the relation of the models to the structure and behavior of matter (Structure of Matter);
• SCI A-2 Students will understand the physical, chemical, and nuclear changes and interactions that result in observable changes in the properties of matter (Changes and Interactions of Matter);
• SCI A-3 Students will understand models describing the composition, age, and size of our universe, galaxy, and solar system and understand that the universe is constantly moving and changing (Universe);
• SCI A-4 Students will understand observable natural events such as tides, weather, seasons, and moon phases in terms of the structure and motion of the earth (Earth);
• SCI A-5 Students will understand the strength and effects of forces of nature, including gravity and electromagnetic radiation (Forces of Nature);
• SCI A-6 Students will understand that forces of nature cause different types of motion and describe the relationship between these forces and motion (Motion);
• SCI A-7 Students will understand how the earth changes because of plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, erosion and deposition, and living things (Processes that Shape the Earth);
• SCI A-8 Students will understand the scientific principles and models that
  describe the nature of physical, chemical, and nuclear reactions;
  state that whenever energy is reduced in one place, it is increased somewhere else by the same amount; and
  state that whenever there is a transformation of energy, some energy is spent in ways that make it unavailable for use (Energy Transformations);
• SCI A-9 Students will understand the transfers and transformations of matter and energy that link living things and their physical

• SCI A-15 Students will use science to understand and describe the local environment (Local Knowledge); and:
• SCI A-16 Students willunderstand basic concepts about the theory of relativity, which changed the view of the universe by uniting matter and energy and by linking time with space (Relativity).
• SCI B- 1 Students will use the processes of science; these processes include observing, classifying, measuring, interpreting data, inferring, communicating, controlling variables, developing models and theories, hypothesizing, predicting, and experimenting;
• SCI B- 2. Students will design and conduct scientific investigations using appropriate instruments
• SCI B- 3. Students will understand that scientific inquiry often involves different ways of thinking, curiosity, and the exploration of multiple paths.
• SCI B - 4. understand that personal integrity, skepticism, openness to new ideas, creativity, collaborative effort, and logical reasoning are all aspects of scientific inquiry.
• SCI B - 5. employ ethical standards, including unbiased data collection and factual reporting of results; and
• SCI B - 6. employ strict adherence to safety procedures in conducting scientific investigations.
• SCI C- 1. Students will know how the words "fact," "observation," "concept," "principle," "law," and "theory" are generally used in the scientific community;
• SCI C- 2. Students will understand that scientific knowledge is validated by repeated specific experiments that conclude in similar results;
• SCI C- 3. Students will understand that society, culture, history, and environment affect the development of scientific knowledge;
• understand that sharing scientific discoveries is important to influencing individuals and society and in advancing scientific knowledge;
• SCI C- 4. Students will understand that some personal and societal beliefs accept non- scientific methods for validating knowledge;
• SCI C- 5 Students will understand that sharing scientific discoveries is important to influencing individuals and society and in advancing scientific knowledge;.
• SCI C- 6. Students will understand that scientific discovery is often a combination of an accidental happening and observation by a knowledgeable person with an open mind;
• SCI C- 7. Students will understand that major scientific breakthroughs may link large amounts of knowledge, build upon the contributions of many scientists, and cross different lines of study; and
• SCI C- 8. Students will understand that acceptance of a new idea depends upon sup- porting evidence and that new ideas that conflict with beliefs or common sense are often resisted.
• SCI D- 1. apply scientific knowledge and skills to understand issues and everyday events;
• SCI D-2. understand that scientific innovations may affect our economy, safety, environment, health, and society and that these effects may be long or short term, positive or negative, and expected or unexpected;
• SCI D- 4. evaluate the scientific and social merits of solutions to everyday problems;
• SCI D- 5. participate in reasoned discussions of public policy related to scientific innovations and proposed technological solutions to problems; and
• SCI D- 6. act upon reasoned decisions and evaluate the effectiveness of the action.